When Bredemarket started covering the iris company then known as Worldcoin, it positioned itself as a revenue generator for third world users who wanted to prove their humanity (but not their identity).
“Once uniqueness is determined, the person can get money money money with an assurance that the same person won’t get money twice.”
The only problem was that their governments disagreed.
“As utility across the network increases, World is evolving its growth model to prioritize real-world utility and ecosystem participation. In the early stages of the network, token incentives played an important role in helping bootstrap adoption and participation. Going forward, World’s growth model will rely primarily on the utility from the products, services, and experiences powered by World ID.”
This is not a defeat; companies continuously evolve. I still remember when Apple Computer only made computers. Creation of the iPod (and the iPhone) wasn’t a failure.
But if you’re looking for someone to lift the developing world out of poverty, look elsewhere.
“World…has opened a permanent flagship at 48 Oxford Street in London, placing its proof-of-human technology at the center of one of the world’s highest-footfall retail corridors.”
Why?
“A survey sponsored by Tools for Humanity found nearly one in three UK fans believe bots and resellers buy up event tickets before genuine fans can.
“World’s Concert Kit tool applies human verification directly to ticket purchases, routing allocations to verified individuals rather than automated scripts.”
While extremes resonate, they may not be practical.
Take “privacy first.”
Our intuition tells us that a lack of privacy is bad, so companies give us what we want. Privacy.
The privacy first extreme is exemplified by World, formerly WorldCoin. World can theoretically build a database of the irises of millions of people…but by design it does not know who any of them are. Am I eligible to vote in California? No idea.
Another extreme is exemplified by how we respond to ad-related queries. Our responses are understandable.
Google Gemini.
When I see an ad that reads, “John, MBAs in Ontario, California are drinking this smoothie,” I wonder what else “they” know about me. (And yes, they know my age.)
So I go to the extreme and decide that I don’t want “them” to know anything about me.
Seems like a good idea until I start seeing ads for pink miniskirts…and the ads are in Chinese.
Google Gemini.
I prepare to complain and ask why I’m seeing these ads, but then I remember that by design, the advertisers don’t know me from Adam…or, apparently, Eve.
So the privacy debate is not Boolean but is more nuanced.
What types of personally identifiable information or protected health information will a system store?
Who can access it?
What happens when (not if) the system is breached?
I missed this January story. Apparently World installed an iris-reading Orb inside a San Francisco Gap store…for better visibility.
“At Gap, we believe in originality, authenticity — what makes us human,” the plaque reads. “That’s why we’re partnering with World, to bridge the gap between humans and technology.”
However, it seems to be a visibility stunt. Gap doesn’t care whether its clothing is purchased by humans, and it would be delighted to sell individuals multiple pairs of jeans, even if they had previously purchased a pair.
People weren’t laughing at Joel R. McConvey when he reminded us of a different saying:
“In Silicon Valley parlance, ‘create the problem, sell the solution.'”
Joel R. McConvey’s “tale of two platforms”
McConvey was referring to two different Sam Altman investments. One, OpenAI’s newly-released Sora 2, amounts to a deepfake “slop machine” that is flooding our online, um, world in fakery. This concerns many, including SAG-AFTRA president Sean Astin. He doesn’t want his union members to lose their jobs to the Tilly Norwoods out there.
The deepfake “sea of slop” was created by Google Gemini.
“What if we could reduce the efficacy of deepfakes? Proof of human technology provides a promising tool. By establishing cryptographic proof that you’re interacting with a real, unique human, this technology addresses the root of the problem. It doesn’t try to determine if content is fake; it ensures the source is real from the start.”
Google Gemini. Not an accurate depiction of the Orb, but it’s really cool.
As I’ve said before, proof of humanness is only half the battle. Even if you’ve detected humanness, some humans are capable of their own slop, and to solve the human slop problem you need to prove WHICH human is responsible for something.
Which is something decidedly outside of World’s mission.
But is it part of YOUR company’s mission? Talk to Bredemarket about getting your anti-fraud message out there: https://bredemarket.com/mark/
One advantage of an open source project is that there are far fewer secrets to hide. If a commercial firm develops biometric products, it has a responsibility to its investors to not release sensitive information.
Although findings…describe potential attack surfaces and are of high or medium severity, (Trail of Bits’) analysis did not uncover vulnerabilities in the Orb’s code…
My belief that everything on the Internet is true has been irrevocably shattered, all because of what an entertainment executive ordered in his spare time. But the Casey Bloys / “Kelly Shepherd” story is just a tiny bit of what is going on with synthetic identities. And X isn’t the only platform plagued by them, as my LinkedIn experience attests.
By the way, this blog post contains pictures of a lot of people. Casey Bloys is real. Some of the others, not so much.
Casey Bloys is the Chairman and CEO of HBO and Max Content. Bloys had to start a recent 2024 schedule presentation with an apology, according to Variety. After explaining how passionate he is about his programming, he went back in time a couple of years to a period that we all remember.
So when you think of that mindset, and then think of 2020 and 2021, I’m home, working from home and spending an unhealthy amount of scrolling through Twitter. And I come up with a very, very dumb idea to vent my frustration.
So why did Bloys have to apologize on Thursday? Because of an article that Rolling Stone published on Wednesday. The article led off with this juicy showbiz tidbit about Bloys’ idea for responding to a critic.
“Maybe a Twitter user should tweet that that’s a pretty blithe response to what soldiers legitimately go through on [the] battlefield,” he texted. “Do you have a secret handle? Couldn’t we say especially given that it’s D-Day to dismiss a soldier’s experience like that seems pretty disrespectful … this must be answered!”
(A note to my younger readers: Twitter used to be a popular social media service that no longer exists. It was replaced by X.)
Eventually Bloys found someone to create the “secret handle.” Sully Temori is now alleging wrongful termination by HBO (which is why we’re learning about these juicy tidbits, via court filings). But in 2021 he was an executive assistant who wanted to get ahead by pleasing his bosses.
Ms. Shepherd seems like a nice woman. A mom, a Texan, a herbalist and aromatherapist, and a vegan. (The cows love that last part.)
Most critically, Shepherd is a normal person, not one of those Hollywood showbiz folks. Although Shepherd, who never posted anything on her own, seems to have a distinct motivation to respond to critics of HBO shows. Take her first reply to a critic from (checks notes) Rolling Stone. (Two years later, Rolling Stone would gleefully report on this story. Watch out who you anger.)
Kelly’s other three replies were along the same lines.
All were short one-sentence blurbs.
Most were completely in lower case, because that’s how regular non-Hollywood folk tweet.
All were critical of those who were critical of HBO, accusing them of “shitting on a show about women,” getting their “panties in a bunch,” and being “busy virtue signaling.”
Hey, if I couldn’t eat hamburgers and my home was filled with weird herbs and aromas, I’d be a little mad too.
And then, a little over a week later, it was over, and Kelly Shepherd never tweeted again. Although Temori apparently performed other activities against HBO critics via other methods. Well, until he was terminated.
Did Kelly Shepherd open a LinkedIn account?
But as part of the plan to satisfy Casey Bloys’ angry whims, Kelly Shepherd acquired a social media account, which she could use as a possible proof of identity.
Even though we now know she doesn’t exist.
But X isn’t the only platform plagued with synthetic identities, and some synthetic identities can do much more than anger an entertainment reviewer.
Many of us on LinkedIn are regularly receiving InMails and connection requests (in my case, from profiles with pictures of beautiful women) who say that we are constantly recommended by LinkedIn, who tell us how impressive our profiles are, and who want to contact us outside of the LinkedIn platform via text message or WhatsApp.
Now perhaps some of these messages are from real people, but I seriously doubt that so many of the employees at John Q Wine & Liquor Winery in New York happen to have the last name “Walter.” And the exact same job title.
Ms. Walter is a pretty busy freelance general manager / director / content partnerships manager.
As for her colleague Ms. Alice Walter, she has more experience (having started in 2018) but also has an extensive biography that begins:
The United States is a country with innovative challenges, and there is more room for development in the wine industry at John Q Wine & Liquor Winery. I am motivated and love to learn, and like to be exposed to more different cultures, and hope to develop more careers in my future life.
And you can check out Maria Walter’s profile if you’re so inclined. Or at least check out “her” picture.
Now none of the Walters women tried to contact me, but another “employee” (or maybe it was a “freelancer,” I forget) of this company tried to do so, which led my curious nature to discover yet another hive of fake LinkedIn profiles.
Sadly, one person from this company is a second-degree connection, which means that one of my connections accepted “her” connection request.
Synthetic identities are harmless…right?
Who knows what Karina, Alice, and Maria will do with their LinkedIn profiles?
Will they connect with other professionals?
Will they ask said professionals to move the conversation to SMS or WhatsApp, for whatever reason?
Will they apply for new jobs, using their impressive work history? A 98.8% customer satisfaction rate while managing 1,800 sub-partnerships is remarkable.
Will they apply for bank accounts…or loans?
The fraud possibilities from fake LinkedIn accounts are endless, and could be very costly for any company who falls for a fake synthetic identity. In fact, FiVerity reports that “in 2020, an estimated $20 billion was lost to SIF” (synthetic identity fraud). Which means that LinkedIn account holders and Partnerships Managers Karina, Alice, and Maria Walter could make a LOT of money.
Now banks and other financial institutions have safeguards to verify financial identities of people who open accounts and apply for loans, because fraud reduction is critically important to financial institutions.
Social media companies? Identity is only “important” to them.
They don’t even care about uniqueness (as Worldcoin does), evidenced by the fact that I have more than two X accounts (but none in which I portray a female Texas mom and vegan).
So if someone comes up to you on X or LinkedIn, remember that all may not be as it seems.
Victoria Gardens, Rancho Cucamonga, California, August 12, 2023.
Can someone pretend to be you if they have no idea who you are?
It’s been a couple of weeks since I last addressed Worldcoin’s activities, but a lot has happened in Kenya, and now in Argentina also. Here’s a succinct (I hope) update that looks beyond the blaring headlines to see what is REALLY happening.
And, at the end of this post, I address what COULD happen if a fraudster “cut off someone’s face, including gouging out their eyes, and then you draped it all over your own face.” Hey, you have to consider ALL the use cases.
According to the AAIP, an entity like Worldcoin must register with the AAIP, provide information about its data processing policy, and indicate the purpose for collecting sensitive data and the retention period for such data. Additionally, the agency requires details of the security and confidentiality measures applied to safeguard personal information. The AAIP did not confirm whether Worldcoin complies with the standards.
Worldcoin told CoinDesk in an emailed statement that “the project complies with all laws and regulations governing the processing of personal data in the markets where Worldcoin is available, including but not limited to Argentina’s Personal Data Protection Act 25.326.”
But what is this “personal data” that concerns Argentina so much?
The data that Worldcoin collects
Now a number of companies need to comply with local privacy regulations in numerous countries, and Worldcoin obviously must obey the law in the countries where it conducts business, including laws about personally identifiable information (PII). For illustration, here is an incomplete list of examples of PII, compiled by the University of Pittsburgh:
Name: full name, maiden name, mother’s maiden name, or alias
Personal identification numbers: social security number (SSN), passport number, driver’s license number, taxpayer identification number, patient identification number, financial account number, or credit card number
Personal address information: street address, or email address
Personal telephone numbers
Personal characteristics: photographic images (particularly of face or other identifying characteristics), fingerprints, or handwriting
Biometric data: retina scans, voice signatures, or facial geometry
Information identifying personally owned property: VIN number or title number
Asset information: Internet Protocol (IP) or Media Access Control (MAC) addresses that consistently link to a particular person
To my knowledge, Worldcoin acquires PII in two separate instances: when downloading the World App, and when registering at an Orb.
Data collected by the World App
First, Worldcoin collects data when you download the World App. The data that is collected by the iOS version of the World App includes a user ID, the user’s coarse location, a name, contacts, and a phone number. I’ll admit that the collection of contacts is a little odd, but let’s see what happens to that data later in the process.
Your biometric data is first processed locally on the Orb and then permanently deleted. The only data that remains is your iris code. This iris code is a set of numbers generated by the Orb and is not linked to your wallet or any of your personal information. As a result, it really tells us — and everyone else — nothing about you. All it does is stop you from being able to sign up again.
But what about the second use case, in which the user consents to have Worldcoin retain information (so that the user does not have to re-enroll if they get a new phone)?
Your biometric data is first processed locally on the Orb and then sent, via encrypted communication channels, to our distributed secure data stores, where it is encrypted at rest. Once it arrives, your biometric data is permanently deleted from the Orb.
Regardless of whether biometric data is retained or not, other PII isn’t even collected at the Orb:
Since you are not required to provide personal information like your name, email address, physical address or phone number, this means that you can easily sign up without us ever knowing anything about you.
“But John,” you’re saying, “names and phone numbers are not collected at the Orb, but names and phone numbers ARE collected by the World App. So how are the name, phone number, user ID, and ‘iris code’ linked together?” Let me reprint what Worldcoin says about the app:
Your Worldcoin App is your self-custodial wallet. That means, just like a physical wallet, that no banks, governments or corporations can do anything to it — like lose or freeze your money — you’re in complete control.
You also don’t need to enter any personal information to get or use the App. But even if you do, you can rest assured that, unlike others, we will never sell or try to profit from your personal information.
So apparently, while the World App asks for your name, it is not a mandatory field. I just confirmed this on my World App (which I enabled on May 16, without orb verification); the only identifying information that I could find was my phone number and my user ID.
And I’m assuming that if I were to enroll at an Orb, the iris code would be linked to my user ID.
Depending upon Worldcoin’s internal architecture:
It’s possible that the iris code could be linked to my phone number, either intentionally or unintentionally. But even if it is, an iris code in and of itself is useless outside of the Worldcoin ecosystem. In the same way that an Aware, IDEMIA, NEC, or Thales fingerprint template (not the fingerprint image) can’t be used to generate a full fingerprint image, a Worldcoin iris code can’t be used to generate a full iris image.
If I choose the “with data custody” option, my biometric images could be linked to my phone number. Again, they could be linked either intentionally or unintentionally. If such a linkage exists, then that IS a problem. If a user chooses to back up both their World App data and their Orb biometric image data with Worldcoin (and again, the user must CHOOSE to back up both sets of data), how does Worldcoin ensure that the two sets of data can’t be linked?
Presumably Argentina’s AAIP will investigate Worldcoin’s architecture to ensure that there are no financial identity threats.
Which leads us to Kenya.
Kenya and data protection laws
When we last visited Kenya and Worldcoin on August 2, the government had announced that “(r)elevant security, financial services and data protection agencies have commenced inquiries and investigations to establish the authenticity and legality of the aforesaid activities, the safety and protection of the data being harvested, and how the harvesters intend to use the data.”
Those investigations continue, Worldcoin’s Kenya offices have been raided, and Parliament is angry at the regulatory authorities…for not doing enough. The article that reports this states that the Data Protection Unit feels it is not responsible for investigating the “core business” of the registered companies, but Parliament feels otherwise.
The article also makes another interesting statement:
…the office failed to conduct background checks on the company, whose operations have been banned in both the United States of America (USA) and Germany.
Now what I CAN’T do is obtain some Worldcoin when I register my irises.
In addition, Worldcoin tokens (“WLD”) are not intended to be available for use, purchase, or access by US persons, including US citizens, residents, or persons in the United States, or companies incorporated, located, or resident in the United States, or who have a registered agent in the United States. We do not make WLD available to such US persons. Furthermore, you agree that you will not sell, transfer or make available WLD to US persons.
I continued on a darker vein: What if a criminal mastermind decided to cut out someone’s eyes, and use them to steal their identity?
The Orb engineer told me that it wouldn’t work. This Orb needs to see alive, blinking eyes, and a human face that is real attached to them. A picture of someone’s eyes won’t scan, robot eyes won’t scan, canine eyes won’t scan.
But then I got him.
If you cut off someone’s face, including gouging out their eyes, and then you draped it all over your own face, could you register as them with a Worldcoin scanner and steal their identity?
Yes.
Although he promised that the Worldcoin R&D team has not tested this particular edge case.
“Relevant security, financial services and data protection agencies have commenced inquiries and investigations to establish the authenticity and legality of the aforesaid activities, the safety and protection of the data being harvested, and how the harvesters intend to use the data,” read part of the statement.
“Further, it will be critical that assurances of public safety and the integrity of the financial transactions involving such a large number of citizens be satisfactorily provided upfront.”
And even the iris image data that Worldcoin DOES collect isn’t retained unless people request it.
Since no two people have the same iris pattern and these patterns are very hard to fake, the Orb can accurately tell you apart from everyone else without having to collect any other information about you — not even your name.
Importantly, the images of you and your iris pattern are permanently deleted as soon as you have signed up, unless you opt in to Data Custody to reduce the number of times you may need to go back to an Orb. Either way, the images are not connected to your Worldcoin tokens, transactions, or World ID.
Ah, but Worldcoin does retain…an iris code. A lot of good THAT’S gonna do a scammer.
Your biometric data is first processed locally on the Orb and then permanently deleted. The only data that remains is your iris code. This iris code is a set of numbers generated by the Orb and is not linked to your wallet or any of your personal information. As a result, it really tells us — and everyone else — nothing about you. All it does is stop you from being able to sign up again.
Since you are not required to provide personal information like your name, email address, physical address or phone number, this means that you can easily sign up without us ever knowing anything about you.
And no, you cannot reverse engineer an iris image from the iris code. In fact, you can’t reverse engineer any biometric image from its biometric template.
And even if you could reverse engineer an iris image, what are you going to do with it? You don’t know who owns it. It probably doesn’t belong to Bill Gates. It probably belongs to an impoverished Kenyan. (Good luck getting that person’s US$2.00. Which they probably already sold.)
Because—and here’s the thing that people forget about Worldcoin—”Worldcoin’s World ID emphasizes privacy so much that it does not conclusively prove a person’s identity (it only proves a person’s uniqueness).” (Link)
Companies could pay Worldcoin to use its digital identity system, for example if a coffee shop wants to give everyone one free coffee, then Worldcoin’s technology could be used to ensure that people do not claim more than one coffee without the shop needing to gather personal data, Macieira said.
Yup, that’s the use case. To allow 8 billion people to each claim one cup of coffee.
Not just the people who are members of the coffee company’s rewards club.
Not just the people who have purchased a certain amount of coffee.
Not just the people in the United States and Colombia.
Worldcoin can’t do those things, because even Worldcoin doesn’t know anything about its users.
Which means, by the way, that the World ID can’t be used in elections or national/state government welfare benefits distribution.
Sure it can be used to prove that someone hasn’t voted twice, or received benefits under two different names.
But it has no way of knowing whether the individual is qualified to vote or receive benefits. Maybe the person doesn’t live in the local jurisdiction. For voting, maybe the person lives there but is not a citizen. For benefits, maybe the person has too much income to qualify. Worldcoin doesn’t have a clue if any of these things are true.
So apparently the Kenyan authorities are worried that Worldcoin is gathering too much data.
I’m worried that Worldcoin is gathering not enough data for most practical use cases.
Iris recognition continues to make the news. Let’s review what iris recognition is and its benefits (and drawbacks), why Apple made the news last month, and why Worldcoin is making the news this month.
What is iris recognition?
There are a number of biometric modalities that can identify individuals by “who they are” (one of the five factors of authentication). A few examples include fingerprints, faces, voices, and DNA. All of these modalities purport to uniquely (or nearly uniquely) identify an individual.
One other way to identify individuals is via the irises in their eyes. I’m not a doctor, but presumably the Cleveland Clinic employs medical professionals who are qualified to define what the iris is.
The iris is the colored part of your eye. Muscles in your iris control your pupil — the small black opening that lets light into your eye.
But why use irises rather than, say, fingerprints and faces? The best person to answer this is John Daugman. (At this point several of you are intoning, “John Daugman.” With reason. He’s the inventor of iris recognition.)
(I)ris patterns become interesting as an alternative approach to reliable visual recognition of persons when imaging can be done at distances of less than a meter, and especially when there is a need to search very large databases without incurring any false matches despite a huge number of possibilities. Although small (11 mm) and sometimes problematic to image, the iris has the great mathematical advantage that its pattern variability among different persons is enormous.
Daugman, John, “How Iris Recognition Works.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 1, JANUARY 2004. Quoted from page 21. (PDF)
Or in non-scientific speak, one benefit of iris recognition is that you know it is accurate, even when submitting a pair of irises in a one-to-many search against a huge database. How huge? We’ll discuss later.
Brandon Mayfield and fingerprints
Remember that Daugman’s paper was released roughly two months before Brandon Mayfield was misidentified in a fingerprint comparison. (Everyone now intone “Brandon Mayfield.”)
While some of the issues associated with Mayfield’s misidentification had nothing to do with forensic science (Al Jazeera spends some time discussing bias, and Itiel Dror also looked at bias post-Mayfield), this still shows that fingerprints are remarkably similar and that it takes care to properly identify people.
Police agencies, witnesses, and faces
And of course there are recent examples of facial misidentifications (both by police agencies and witnesses), again not necessarily forensic science related, and again showing the similarity of faces from two different people.
At the root of iris recognition’s accuracy is the data-richness of the iris itself. The IrisAccess system captures over 240 degrees of freedom or unique characteristics in formulating its algorithmic template. Fingerprints, facial recognition and hand geometry have far less detailed input in template construction.
Enough about claims. What about real results? The IREX 10 test, independently administered by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, measures the identification (one-to-many) accuracy of submitted algorithms. At the time I am writing this, the ten most accurate algorithms provide false negative identification rates (FNIR) between 0.0022 ± 0.0004 and 0.0037 ± 0.0005 when two eyes are used. (Single eye accuracy is lower.) By the time you see this, the top ten algorithms may have changed, because the vendors are always improving.
IREX10 two-eye accuracy, top ten algorithms as of July 28, 2023. (Link)
While the IREX10 one-to-many tests are conducted against databases of less than a million records, it is estimated that iris one-to-many accuracy remains high even with databases of a billion people—something we will return to later in this post.
Iris drawbacks
OK, so if irises are so accurate, why aren’t we dumping our fingerprint readers and face readers and just using irises?
In short, because of the high friction in capturing irises. You can use high-resolution cameras to capture fingerprints and faces from far away, but as of now iris capture usually requires you to get very close to the capture device.
Iris image capture circa 2020 from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (Link)
Which I guess is better than the old days when you had to put your eye right up against the capture device, but it’s still not as friendly (or intrusive) as face capture, which can be achieved as you’re walking down a passageway in an airport or sports stadium.
Irises and Apple Vision Pro
So how are irises being used today? You may or may not have hard last month’s hoopla about the Apple Vision Pro, which uses irises for one-to-one authetication.
I’m not going to spend a ton of time delving into this, because I just discussed Apple Vision Pro in June. In fact, I’m just going to quote from what I already said.
In short, as you wear the headset (which by definition is right on your head, not far away), the headset captures your iris images and uses them to authenticate you.
It’s a one-to-one comparison, not the one-to-many comparison that I discussed earlier in this post, but it is used to uniquely identify an individual.
But iris recognition doesn’t have to be used for identification.
Irises and Worldcoin
“But wait a minute, John,” you’re saying. “If you’re not using irises to determine if a person is who they say they are, then why would anyone use irises?”
Over the past several years, I’ve analyzed a variety of identity firms. Earlier this year I took a look at Worldcoin….Worldcoin’s World ID emphasizes privacy so much that it does not conclusively prove a person’s identity (it only proves a person’s uniqueness)…
That’s the only thing that I’ve said about Worldcoin, at least publicly. (I looked at Worldcoin privately earlier in 2023, but that report is not publicly accessible and even I don’t have it any more.)
The Worldcoin Foundation today announced that Worldcoin, a project co-founded by Sam Altman, Alex Blania and Max Novendstern, is now live and in a production-grade state.
The launch includes the release of the World ID SDK and plans to scale Orb operations to 35+ cities across 20+ countries around the world. In tandem, the Foundation’s subsidiary, World Assets Ltd., minted and released the Worldcoin token (WLD) to the millions of eligible people who participated in the beta; WLD is now transactable on the blockchain….
“In the age of AI, the need for proof of personhood is no longer a topic of serious debate; instead, the critical question is whether or not the proof of personhood solutions we have can be privacy-first, decentralized and maximally inclusive,” said Worldcoin co-founder and Tools for Humanity CEO Alex Blania. “Through its unique technology, Worldcoin aims to provide anyone in the world, regardless of background, geography or income, access to the growing digital and global economy in a privacy preserving and decentralized way.”
Worldcoin does NOT positively identify people…but it can still pay you
A very important note: Worldcoin’s purpose is not to determine identity (that a person is who they say they are). Worldcoin’s purpose is to determine uniqueness: namely, that a person (whoever they are) is unique among all the billions of people in the world. Once uniqueness is determined, the person can get money money money with an assurance that the same person won’t get money twice.
Iris biometrics outperform other biometric modalities and already achieved false match rates beyond 1.2× 10−141.2×10−14 (one false match in one trillion[9]) two decades ago[10]—even without recent advancements in AI. This is several orders of magnitude more accurate than the current state of the art in face recognition.
Bredemarket 