Two-year Old Cold Cases of Israelis (and Gazans) Killed After October 7, 2023

The Jerusalem Post recently published a story about Israel’s Institute of Forensic Medicine and how it identifies deceased bodies.

“From the moment the remains arrive at the institute, identification is conducted through three methods: dental records, CT scans, and DNA testing.

“Even if we identify the remains using one method, it’s not enough until we have definitive identification. In most cases, whenever possible, we perform all three methods to get a final result.” According to Kugel, this is because the “findings” often arrive in an unorganized manner, and no one knows to whom they belong.”

Oh, and there’s one additional complication. Some of the bodies died as long as two years ago. Some of these remains were returned from Gaza after the latest cease fire. I don’t know how many of these people died after October 7, 2023, but it’s possible that some of them may have.

“It’s important to understand that our daily work is to examine bodies that arrive within hours or a few days in rare cases. Here, we’re dealing with a two-year period, and that makes a significant difference in how the remains were preserved, under what conditions, and how that affects the identification process.”

But they aren’t just identifying Israelis.

“Identifying former Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar was a defining moment for Kugel.

“‘Once you’re with the body and examining it, you don’t think at that moment that you’re examining someone very significant. We also had to understand what caused his death. Obviously, he had a head injury, but we tried to understand what preceded what.’

“When we finished, a colleague said to me: ‘Do you understand who you’ve examined now? The man who is responsible for the massacre of thousands of people.’ You don’t think about it while working, just as with the good people who were killed in the war, you just check and identify. After that, at home, you continue to read about him and his family; it goes with you, and then you process what you go through at the institute.”

This is a common challenge in forensics. Identification of a particular person may result in a number of emotional responses, whether it is a criminal or a victim. But the forensic professional’s job is to simply examine the evidence. The grief comes later.

H/T Forensics and Law in Focus.

Revisiting Friction Ridge

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(Part of the biometric product marketing expert series)

Due to renewed interest in my blog post on “Friction Ridge,” and its related Substack post, I’ve ventured back to the ridge.

Friction ridge, featuring Ricky Nelson.

If you missed my May writings, the friction ridges on fingerprints, palm prints, and elsewhere are used for everything from solving crimes to protecting smartphones.

If your biometric company offers a product that harnesses the power of friction ridges to identify people…do your prospects know about how your solution benefits them?

If your company is keeping quiet about your friction ridge solutions, let Bredemarket help you find your voice and spill your secrets to your buying prospects. 

Content for tech marketers.

When IAI Attendees Say “Orlando” to Their Biometric Hungry People

There are times when the same word will have vastly different meanings to different people.

Such as biometrics and biometrics.

And Orlando and Orlando.

If your company employs biometrics to identify people rather than to monitor their health readings, then you don’t care about the Orlando where visitors wear hats with mouse ears.

You care about the Orlando where forensic professionals are gathered this week for the 2025 International Association for Identification Forensic Educational Conference.

Find the people hungry for your services by seeing who is paying attention to the #IAIConference hashtag on your favorite social channels.

These are the ones who will salivate over things like “Appendix F.”

This is your niche.

Speak to them.

And if you need assistance with content services to address your hungry people, Bredemarket can help.

What Are Fingerprint Minutiae?

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(Part of the biometric product marketing expert series)

Because many of the subscribers and followers of my Substack page aren’t fingerprint experts (although a few are), my posts on Substack tend to be more introductory. So I wrote this for Substack, but also decided to share it on the Bredemarket blog at some point.

So let’s define what fingerprint minutiae are. 

To do this, look at the tip of one of the fingers on your hand…but not too closely. (Or just Level 2, not Level 3.)

If you look sort of closely at your fingertip, you see one commonality between (most) fingers and Ruffles: both have ridges. For purposes of this exercise, take a close look at where the ridges go.

  • In some cases, the ridges just stop and go no further.
  • In other cases, a single ridge splits into two or more ridges. Or if you want to follow a different perspective, two or more ridges combine into a single ridge. But that perspective screws up the discussion later.
  • Ridges do other things which I will ignore for now.

The important things is that you can identify the specific point at which a ridge ending occurs. And you can identify the specific point of a bifurcation, where a ridge splits into two ridges. (If a ridge splits into three, that’s a trifurcation.)

Those ridge ending and bifurcation points? Those are the minutiae.

Human fingerprint examiners can identify these minutiae points.

So can the algorithms on an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) or an automated biometric identification system (ABIS).

And if two fingers have minutiae in the same locations, and don’t have minutiae in one finger that are not present on the other finger…then they’re the same finger. (I’m simplifying here, since the quality of the prints and the way the skin bends affect the ability to find minutiae.)

Which means that if the police find a fingerprint on a stolen car that doesn’t belong to the owner…

…and the minutiae on your finger match the minutiae on the print from the car…

…you’d better have a good lawyer.

Oh, and one more thing: you also have ridges, ridge endings, and bifurcations on your palms and toes. So don’t try to steal a car while barefoot.

Do We Have 18,000 Forensic Sciences?

Mike Bowers (CSIDDS) shared a Substack article by Max Houck regarding the uneven nature of forensic science in the United States. Houck’s thesis:

…how the fragmented, decentralized nature of American law enforcement and forensic practice creates a landscape where what counts as science (and possibly what counts as justice) can vary wildly depending on where you happen to be.

There are about 18,000 police agencies in the United States at all levels of government, and 400 separate forensic laboratories.

But we have standards, right?

Do Even when national scientific bodies like ASTM or NIST’s OSAC develop well-reasoned, consensus-based forensic standards, adoption is purely voluntary. Some laboratories fully integrate these standards, using them to validate methods, structure protocols, and train staff. Most others ignore them, modify them, or apply them selectively based on local preference or operational convenience. There is no enforcement mechanism, no unified system of oversight. The science exists, but whether it is followed depends on where you are.

Houck’s article details many other issues that plague forensic science, but the main issues arise because there are 18,000 different authorities on the matter. Because this is a structural issue, deeply rooted in how Americans think of governing ourselves, Houck doesn’t see an easy solution.

Reforming this system will not be easy. It runs up against the powerful American instincts toward local control, political independence, and legal precedent. Federal mandates for forensic accreditation, national licensing of analysts, or the establishment of an independent forensic science* oversight body (all ideas floated over the years) face stiff political and logistical resistance. I don’t give these ideas much of a chance.

Even Houck’s minimal suggestions for reform are questionable. In fact, if you read the list of his solutions at the bottom of his article, you’ll see that he’s already crossed one of them out.

Federal funding could be tied to meaningful accreditation and quality assurance requirements.

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